Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) in relation to GDP in the Baltic States was highest in Estonia in 2024, according to Eurostat data, LSM reports. R&D spending amounted to 1.99% of GDP in Estonia in 2024, which was up from 1.41% in 2014. Meanwhile, R&D expenditure stood at 1.04% (1.03%) of GDP in Lithuania and at 0.92% (0.71%) in Latvia. The EU average was 2.24% (2.09%) of GDP. R&D spending in the business enterprise sector amounted to 1.19% of GDP in Estonia, 0.43% in Lithuania, and 0.34% in Latvia in 2024. R&D spending in higher education amounted to 0.62% of GDP in Estonia, 0.45% in Lithuania, and 0.43% in Latvia. Government budget expenditure on R&D stood at 0.16% of GDP in each of the three Baltic States. Total R&D spending in 2024 amounted to EUR 825.347mn in Lithuania, which was up from EUR 774.655mn in 2023. In Estonia, R&D spending amounted to EUR 791.064mn (EUR 702.188mn) and in Latvia to just EUR 372.643mn (EUR 324.271mn).
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