Estonia’s air quality can be rated “good” overall, according to the Ministry of Climate, ERR reports. Most pollution in Estonia comes from vehicle exhaust fumes, improper use of heating stoves, and similar sources. A study conducted by the University of Tartu in 2022 showed that air pollution causes around 1,200 premature deaths annually in Estonia, while related health care costs run into hundreds of millions of euros. Estonia is working to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other compounds by 2029.